Dhanyaka (Coriander)’s Medicinal Properties

Coriander seeds and leaves have played a vital role in Indian cuisine for many years. The herb’s scientific name is Coriandrum Sativum Linn, but it is also known as Dhanyaka or Dhanya, translated as ‘the rich one.’ Its earthy and rejuvenating taste is well recognized, and it also provides several health benefits.  Let’s thoroughly analyze the various benefits of this uncomplicated plant.   What is the composition of Dhanyaka?   Dhanyaka’s leaves and seeds are rich in Vitamin K. Vitamin K plays a role in maintaining the health of your blood and also your bones. The herb not only contains a high amount of Vitamin A, which aids in improving eye function, but also maintaining moisture and preserving vision. It also contains Vitamin C, which is beneficial for your health.. Some of its benefits are: Strengthen your body’s ability to fight off sickness. Improve how white blood cells work. Enhance the body’s ability to absorb iron. Heal cuts and scrapes faster. Produce more collagen protein to make skin healthier and more stretchy. The human body contains numerous free radicals, which are loose oxygen molecules. They cause significant damage to the cells and increase the risk of developing severe illnesses such as cancer. Dhanyaka contains numerous antioxidants that help the body combat and eliminate free radicals. It prevents blood from clotting and reduces the risk of artery blockages. This is why the herb is essential in Ayurvedic medicine: to reduce the chance of heart problems and support heart function. The nutrients found in its seeds aid in maintaining clear blood vessels and preventing them from becoming hardened. Dhanyaka can assist in reducing high blood pressure by eliminating excess salt from the body. It contains essential minerals such as iron, folate, and potassium, as well as beneficial oils like geraniol, linalool, terpene, and camphene. These factors contribute to the herb’s effectiveness in alleviating a variety of health issues, such as migraines, arthritis, discomfort, inflammation, anemia, and others.   Vital Phytoconstituent of Dhaynaka   Dhaynaka plants contain a high water content of 84%. Fruits contain oils, fats, and various other compounds. Coriander oil contains coriandrol, geraniol, and baborneol. Fresh leaves contain oil, coriandrol, oxalic acid and calcium. Leaves contain high amounts of vitamin C and carotene. Seeds contain fatty oil and essential oil at a rate of 19-21 percent. Linalool, a terpene alcohol present in Dhanyaka, has various healing applications, such as safeguarding the brain, alleviating pain and inhibiting seizures.   Benefits of Dhanyaka   Some of the medicinal benefits of the Dhanyaka plant are discussed below.     Helps in digestion   Digestion is the bodily mechanism through which food is broken down into smaller parts, allowing for the absorption and utilization of nutrients. Dhanyaka is considered an effective treatment for stomach issues and pitta imbalances in Ayurvedic medicine. The plant has properties that can alleviate stomach discomfort and have a soothing effect. It assists in enhancing digestion while preventing acid reflux.  Dhanyaka helps improve digestion and prevents the formation of toxins or Ama caused by undigested food. It aids in the body’s absorption and utilization of nutrients from food. It can also help in alleviating swelling, gas, stomach pain, constipation, diarrhea, bloating and other gastrointestinal issues.   Balances Doshas   When combined with other digestive herbs from Ayurveda, such as Indian Bael, Mochras, Saunth, Dhataki, etc. Dhanyaka is an ingredient in Bilwadi Churna, an Ayurvedic remedy that aims to restore balance to Vata, Pitta and Kapha in the body. As Ayurvedic doctors, we often recommend using herbal blends to maintain a healthy stomach and enhance digestion. However, make sure that you do not take any herbal medicines without proper guidance from a qualified Ayurvedic doctor.    Cleansing properties   The seeds of the Dhanyaka plant can enhance the urinary tract and prevent infections. Consuming Dhanyaka juice has benefits for both your internal and external health. It aids in the functioning of various organs within the body, purifies the blood, enhances the digestive process and reduces allergic reactions and irritations resulting from excess body heat. The leaves aid in the safe removal of harmful toxins such as lead, mercury, arsenic and other heavy metals from the body. When used topically, the juice improves skin health, eases allergies and irritations, reduces signs of aging, and gives skin a radiant glow.   Cleanses liver   Dhanyaka is a gentle spice that supports liver health and can stimulate appetite if liver function is compromised. When combined with certain herbs that are effective in promoting liver function, it also has the potential to aid in the elimination of kidney and gallstones.   Helps treat Rheumatoid Arthritis   According to AIIMS researchers, the herb is very successful in reducing Rheumatoid Arthritis. It aids the immune system, reduces inflammation in the joints, and hinders the production of chemicals that contribute to this issue. Another research study found that Dhanyaka decreased arthritis symptoms by supplying vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and phytonutrients. Unlike other medications for the condition, Dhanyaka does not cause any adverse side effects.   Antianxiety and anticonvulsant Properties   Dhanyaka plant has the potential to alleviate anxiety and decrease blood pressure. In 2019, research conducted by the University of California analyzed the impact of Dhanyaka on the brain. When the herb is ingested, it interacts with specific potassium channels in the brain to decrease excessive cell activity and excitement, resulting in a calming effect. It is effective in mitigating severe seizures in patients and serves as a beneficial treatment for preventing convulsions.   Reduces cholesterol and sugar levels   Dhanyaka seeds have a significant impact on diabetes and cholesterol. Indeed, they help decrease inflammation and function as antioxidants, making them beneficial for individuals with diabetes. Dhanyaka can  also effectively reduce cholesterol levels.   Also read: Tulsi Cough Drops and Benefits     If you are struggling with any health issues, you can either book a consultation with us or send us a message via WhatsApp to +91 79074 89839. We have the best Ayurvedic doctors in Trivandrum who… Continue reading Dhanyaka (Coriander)’s Medicinal Properties

Health Benefits of Tulsi

Tulsi (also referred to as “Holy Basil”) is highly valued in Indian culture and Ayurvedic treatment. This holy plant, which is commonly seen in Indian homes, is admired for both its deep spiritual meaning. There are numerous health benefits of Tulsi are mentioned in Ayurveda. Tulsi has been used for generations to treat various conditions, from minor colds to long-term illnesses, due to its powerful medicinal properties. In Ayurveda, practitioners frequently refer to it as “the outstanding one,” highlighting its exceptional capacity to support complete health and balance the body’s systems.  Beyond its medicinal properties, Tulsi is a common ingredient in spiritual rituals that symbolizes peace and purity.  In this article, we explore the several ways Tulsi may improve the quality of life, including how it can strengthen immunity, reduce stress levels, promote respiratory health and more.     The Ayurvedic Significance  of Tulsi     In ayurveda, people consider tulsi a powerful antioxidant and a natural treatment for many problems.  As a Rasayana, this adaptive plant can support an individual’s development toward life and energy.  People have long used tulsi to support possible mental and physical health, increase stress tolerance, and strengthen the immune system.  Because of its numerous medicinal uses, it’s a mainstay of Ayurvedic medicine, where it is used to treat a wide range of conditions, from digestive problems to respiratory illnesses.  It also assists in maintaining & improving your overall health. By helping the body respond to different stimulations, Tulsi’s adaptogenic properties support harmony and balance in both the body and the mind.      Health Benefits of Tulsi     Here are the key health benefits of Tulsi:   Increases Resistance   The immune system-boosting properties of Tulsi are among its most well-known advantages. Being abundant in antioxidants and essential oils, Tulsi helps the body fight against illnesses.  Due to its immune-modulating qualities, it works well as a preventative measure against respiratory infections, such as the flu and common colds. Drinking Tulsi tea daily or including its leaves in your food will significantly improve your immune system.    Reduces Anxiety and Stress   Tulsi is well known for having adaptogenic qualities, which support mental equilibrium and assist the body in adjusting to stress. The plant promotes calmness and relaxation by reducing levels of cortisol, which are connected to stress. Taking Tulsi tea can help with anxiety management and mental health enhancement in general.    Encourages Healthy Respiration   Traditionally, people use tulsi to treat respiratory problems like sinus infections, pneumonia, and asthma. Its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and stimulant qualities make breathing easier and clear the respiratory system. Tulsi is a fantastic treatment for preserving respiratory health because of its capacity to reduce inflammation and fight infections.    Encourages Heart Health   The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities of Tulsi also support heart health. It reduces blood pressure, cholesterol levels and the risk of cardiovascular problems. Regular Tulsi consumption can support cardiovascular and mental health, and help maintain healthy cholesterol levels in the blood.    Enhancing Digestion   By increasing the digestive system’s effectiveness, Tulsi promotes digestive health. It minimizes the symptoms of typical digestive problems such as cramps, bloating and diarrhea. The carminative qualities of the plant promote easier digestion by reducing flatulence.    Anti-Aging Qualities   Tulsi’s high antioxidant content fights against the signs of aging. By eliminating damaging free radicals from the body, antioxidants reduce oxidative stress and support healthy skin that looks young. Frequent use of Tulsi can help preserve the skin’s softness and eliminate the visibility of fine lines and wrinkles.      How to include Tulsi in your Everyday Routine?   You can have Tulsi in different forms:   Tea   Making Tulsi tea is one of the easiest methods to take advantage of the plant’s health advantages. For approximately 10 minutes, boil a few Tulsi leaves, either fresh or dried.  You can add some honey or lemon for taste. After removing the leaves, drink the tea.  Regularly consuming Tulsi tea might provide a daily dosage of its healing benefits.    Leaf   On an empty stomach, chewing fresh Tulsi leaves might boost your health. It not only makes your breath smell better, but it also gives your body a concentrated dosage of its medicinal uses.   Supplements   There are several ways to consume Tulsi, including extracts, powders and capsules. If you want to include Tulsi in your routine but can’t find fresh leaves, these pills might be a simple option.    Ingredient in Cooking   You may include Tulsi leaves in a lot of different recipes. You can add them to salads for a distinctive flavor and they can reap added health benefits by elevating the taste levels of soups, stews, and sauces..  Even while Tulsi is typically safe to eat, there are a few things to keep in mind:  Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Before taking Tulsi, women planning a pregnancy or breastfeeding should consult their doctor. Blood Sugar Levels: Because Tulsi can drop blood sugar levels, those with hypoglycemia or diabetes should check their levels regularly. Blood Clotting: Because Tulsi thins blood, anyone using anticoagulant drugs must use precautions and speak with their doctor. With a long history in Ayurveda, the benefits of Tulsi is advatageous for your mental and physical well-being. Because of its adaptability, you may consume it using different ways by making it simple to include in your everyday routine. This precious herb can significantly enhance your journey towards well-being.   Also Read: Medicinal Properties of Coriander (Dhanyaka)     If you are struggling with any health issues, you can either book a consultation with us or send us a message via WhatsApp to +91 79074 89839. We have the best Ayurvedic doctors in Trivandrum who are always glad to help you. If you have any queries, contact us.  You can also visit us at our hospital.

Ativisha Health Benefits

Ayurveda is a traditional system of medicine that incorporates the offerings of nature to help people heal. Ancient Ayurvedic texts have mentions of an array of herbs that help treat different health conditions. Ativisha is one of them.    The plant is known for its amazing medicinal properties and is especially used to treat diseases in children. According to Charaka, Ativisha is the best among all herbs for its digestive, anti-flatulent, absorbent and Dosha balancing properties.   Ativisha  – The Power Herb   Ativisha (scientific name -Aconitum heterophyllum) is a herb native to the Himalayan area. The roots of this plant have been used for a broad range of medicinal purposes, which makes them highly valuable. Ativisha has a hot and pungent taste and is  dry, light and penetrating in nature. The ability to balance the Tridosha and improve overall health is another essential characteristic of this power herb. As an Ayurvedic practitioner, I have seen a positive effect of this herb on my patients. I remember one child who had suffered from digestive problems and the constant increase of temperature several times a month. The conventional treatment did not bring results. However, after I began to use the herb, the issue was diminished. From this experience, I learned, once again, that every single philosophy holds some truth, and the power of nature may be undisputable.   Ayurvedic Perspective on Ativisha    In Ayurveda, Ativisha is classified as: Rasa (Taste): Bitter (Tikta) and Pungent (Katu) Guna (Qualities): Light (Laghu) and Dry (Ruksha) Virya (Potency): Cold (Shita) Vipaka (Post-Digestive Effect): Pungent (Katu) These properties make the herb effective in balancing Vata and Kapha Doshas while pacifying Pitta Dosha to a lesser extent.   Health Benefits of Ativisha   Here are a variety of health benefits that Ativish offers:    Digestive Health   Digestive issues are common, but they can significantly affect your quality of life. Ativisha is known for its ability to stimulate Agni, the digestive fire, which is essential for proper digestion and assimilation of food. By enhancing Agni, Ativisha helps in the breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste. It is particularly beneficial for individuals with weak digestion, loss of appetite, and abdominal discomfort.   Also read: Agni- Ayurvedic Secret to Health and Vitality   Fever Management   Ayurveda widely uses Ativisha for its antipyretic properties. It helps in reducing fever by lowering the body temperature. It is often included in formulations for treating fevers, especially in children. Its antimicrobial properties help in fighting the underlying infections that cause fever, thereby providing relief and promoting recovery.   Respiratory Health   Respiratory conditions, such as cough, cold and asthma can be debilitating. Ativisha’s expectorant properties help in clearing the respiratory tract, making it easier to breathe. It reduces inflammation in the airways and, consequently, helps expel phlegm, thereby providing relief from symptoms.  Regular use of Ativisha can improve respiratory health and prevent recurrent respiratory infections.   Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Properties   Inflammation and pain are common symptoms in various health conditions, including arthritis and muscle pain. Ativisha has potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties; consequently, it helps reduce inflammation and, furthermore, alleviates pain. It, therefore, helps relieve joint and muscle pain and improves mobility.   Gastrointestinal Health   Diarrhoea and dysentery are common gastrointestinal issues that can lead to dehydration and weakness. Ativisha is highly effective in treating these conditions. It helps in controlling loose stools; furthermore, it also aids in reducing the frequency of bowel movements. Its antimicrobial properties combat the pathogens responsible for gastrointestinal infections, promoting faster recovery and improving gut health.   Paediatric Care   Children are often more susceptible to infections and digestive issues. Therefore, Ativisha is a safe and effective remedy for various childhood ailments. It helps in managing colic, fever, cough and diarrhoea in children. Besides, its gentle action ensures that it does not cause any adverse effects, making it suitable for paediatric use.   Boosting Immunity   A strong immune system is crucial for maintaining good health. Moreover, Ativisha has immunomodulatory properties that help in boosting the immune system. Regular use of the herb can enhance the body’s ability to fight infections and diseases, promoting overall health and well-being   Practical Uses of Ativisha   Some of the practical uses of Ativisha include the following:   Decoction: Boil the roots of Ativisha in water and consume the decoction. This helps improve digestion and reduce fever.   Powder: Consume it in powdered form with honey to treat respiratory problems and digestion.    Infusion: The infusion of Ativisha can treat diarrhea and can also improve immunity.   Uses in Ayurvedic Formulations   Ativisha is a part of many Ayurvedic formulations.    Churna: Ativisha, in its powdered form, can be mixed with other herbs to be consumed directly or mixed with honey or water.   Kwath: It is prepared by boiling the roots of Ativisha in water. Kwath helps, in addition, to cure the issues of digestion, fever, cough and cold, and, furthermore, other respiratory problems.    Taila: Applying Ativishaoil helps get rid of pain and inflammation in  joints and muscles.   Precautions and Safety   Though it has numerous health benefits, you must use Ativisha with caution. The herb is quite potent; therefore, it is best not to use it frequently. It is important to consult with an Ayurvedic doctor, primarily in the case of children and pregnant females. Moreover, it should be consumed in the prescribed amount and form to avoid any possibility of side effects.     If you are struggling with any health issues, you can either book a consultation with us or send us a message via WhatsApp to +91 79074 89839. We have the best Ayurvedic doctors in Trivandrum who are always glad to help you. If you have any queries, contact us.  You can also visit us at our hospital.

Hair Growth Elixirs: Unveiling Ayurvedic Secrets for Luscious Locks

Are you tired of searching for the perfect supplement for hair growth? Look no further! The only supplement you need is Amla or Indian gooseberry. Amla is a powerhouse of nutrients and antioxidants, offering a natural solution to enhance hair growth, improve texture, reduce hair fall and even slow down premature greying.   Benefits of Amla   Amla is rich in vital vitamins like A and C to minerals like iron and calcium. These nutrients work together to strengthen hair follicles, promote healthy growth and impart a natural shine. The antioxidants in Amla play an important role in protecting your hair from damage. It prevents hair breakage and helps reduce premature ageing. Regular consumption of Amla can help retain your hair’s natural colour. The benefits offered by Amla are not just limited to your hair. It is also an anti-ageing herb that works wonders on your skin, keeping it supple and youthful. Amla also helps to improve your vision and your overall health. Amla is also good for all Doshas, especially Pitta Dosha. Even if the taste of Amla is sour, it has a post-digestive sweet taste that subsides Pitta, making it suitable for everyone. So, whether you’re Vata, Pitta, or Kapha dominant, Amla has something to offer for everyone. Ayurveda considers Amla not just as a food, but also as a medicine for its amazing health benefits. Its dual role as both nourishment and remedy makes it unique. Incorporating Amla into your daily routine does not just mean better hair; it also means better overall health.   How to incorporate Amla into your daily diet?   You can add Amla to your diet in the following ways: If you have access to fresh Amla, consider incorporating it into your morning routine. You can have it as it is or as a strained juice shot mixed with pepper (optional), not more than 30 ml in the morning. If you do not have access to fresh Amla, you can have a teaspoon of organic Amla powder mixed with ghee along with the first bolus of rice during lunch. Amla’s versatility makes it accessible to all, irrespective of your Dosha. Its benefits not only help your hair grow but also nourish them from the inside out. Amla is the perfect hair growth supplement that Ayurveda recommends. Want to improve your hair health? Join my skin and hair care program and see your hair transform! You can join our  Health Programs for mind and body detox.    If you are struggling with any health issues, you can either book a consultation with us or send us a message via WhatsApp to +91 79074 89839. We have the best Ayurvedic doctors in Trivandrum who are always glad to help you. If you have any queries, contact us.  You can also visit us at our hospital.

Goat Milk Good for your health?

There are many discussions going on about whether the goat milk is good for your health or not. And one of the varieties of milk that is part of the debate is goat milk .   In this blog, let us find the answer to the question from the Ayurvedic perspective.   Properties of goat milk   Picture a goat in your mind—it is lean, always active, drinks lots of water and loves eating grass. Surprisingly, its milk also has similar properties. According to Ayurveda, consuming goat milk can help maintain a lean physique, enhance activity levels, boost strength, alleviate Kapha, and prove beneficial for conditions related to dryness and weakness   Ashtanga Hridayam Suthrasthana – an ancient Ayurvedic text mentions the following about goat milk.   Atyambupana vyayama katu tiktaashanair laghu।  ajam shosha jwara swasa rakta pitta atisarajit।।     This milk is beneficial for those who engage in excessive physical activity and consume a lot of water. It has a pungent or bitter taste, making it light and easily digestible. It is beneficial for conditions like emaciation, fever, and shortness of breath It also helps pacify conditions related to bleeding disorders (Rakta Pitta) and is effective in alleviating diarrhoea.   Goat milk for kids   Diluted goat milk with a lot of water is a good replacement for breast milk for babies. It also helps subside loose motions in babies and kids. But make sure that the milk is genuine.   As we navigate through the infinite number of debates surrounding milk consumption, the Ayurvedic perspective sheds light on the goodness of goat milk. It is a nourishing alternative even for babies. Our cultural practices, rooted in the wisdom of Ayurveda, continue to shape our dietary choices.   Whenever a baby is born in my family, the first thing people look for is a good source of goat milk. If you ask my grandmother, she will say  it  has lots of  health benefits for kids. But she may not know the reason.   That is how Ayurveda has been interwoven in our culture. It is high time we are appreciative of our culture and Ayurveda. Let us go back to our roots. Are you with me? Do you have similar doubts regarding your child’s diet? Then join our child care program today! We’ll help you. You can join our  Health Programs  for mind and body detox.   If you are struggling with any health issues, you can either book a consultation with us or send us a message via WhatsApp to +91 79074 89839. We have the best Ayurvedic doctors in Trivandrum who are always glad to help you. If you have any queries, contact us.  You can also visit us at our hospital.

Triphala Truth in Ayurveda

Triphala is a widely used Ayurvedic herbal formula that constitutes three herbs. Triphala literally means three fruits in Sanskrit language. True to its name, Triphala constitutes Amalaki (Amla), Bibhitaki (Baheda) and Haritaki (Harad). The ingredients of Triphala have lots of health benefits individually. Amla is rich in Vitamin C, amino acids, essential minerals and antioxidants. Bibhitaki is also rich in many antioxidants, including tannins, lignans, flavons, etc. Haritaki contains vitamins and minerals, like iron, copper, magnesium, etc. Therefore, combining them gives more efficient results and helps cure many health issues.   Properties of Triphala   Triphala has detoxification properties that help cleanse digestive organs. It also has mild laxative properties that help prevent issues such as constipation and irritable bowel syndrome. It also helps improve digestion and aids weight loss. The rejuvenating properties of Triphala help strengthen the immune system. It is also packed with antioxidants that help to get rid of tiredness and boost energy levels. Triphala prevents the digestion and absorption of starch in the body, thus preventing the blood sugar levels from increasing post meals. This makes it beneficial for diabetic patients. It is also a good source of Vitamin A, making it an important ingredient in many eye care-related Ayurvedic products. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Triphala help cure skin issues and heal wounds. It is also a great solution to different hair problems, such as hair fall, hair damage, dandruff, premature greying, etc. Triphala also has the power to moderate corticosterone levels, thus keeping stress levels under check. Corticosterone, also called the stress hormone, helps you to deal with environmental stress. Apart from all these, Triphala is also beneficial for many very specific diseases. Due to its different health benefits, Triphala is one of the most widely used ingredients in many Ayurvedic products. It is available in different forms, such as capsules, tablets, extract, powder, tincture, tea, etc. Healthcare providers often commonly prescribe this ayurvedic formula and advise people to take it every day..   Is Triphala good for everyday use?   The answer is NO. Anything, be it a herb or medicine, if taken every day, becomes a food, where the herb will not do the intended action or show any medicinal property. Instead, it becomes a habit (Saathmya) to the body. Using Triphala every day has side effects. It loosens the intestine muscles, dries up the mucous membrane and eventually becomes a habit. Therefore, the best way to use it is to use it for a short term, maybe for not more than six weeks, or else, your body will treat it as food. You must use it with the right vehicle, such as milk, warm water, cold water, etc., based on your health condition. If you are struggling with any health issues, you can either book a consultation with us or send us a message via WhatsApp to +91 79074 89839. We have the best Ayurvedic doctors in Trivandrum who are always glad to help you. If you have any queries, contact us.  You can also visit us at our hospital.  You can also follow me on Instagram.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                

One fruit you have to eat everyday!

Pomegranate or “Dadima” in Sanskrit, is one fruit that forms a part of Ayurveda for its health benefits. Sweet Pomegranate is a fruit, and it offers a plethora of health benefits. Generations have used pomegranate to help balance the three doshas and provide health benefits during fever.  IBS, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and a variety of other digestive disorders benefit greatly from pomegranate.  And it is very, very easy to digest as well. If you’re somebody trying to conceive or  if you want to improve your sperm count, sweet pomegranate is your go to fruit to consume everyday.   What is the best time to have pomegranate fruit ?   Try to have it between 11 o’clock to four o’clock when the digestive fire is really good.   Application of Pomegranate in Ayurveda:   Juice: An extracted pomegranate juicesconsider Pomegranates very nutritious and purifying. Fruit: People, therefore, eat the seeds of this fruit to help in digestion and moreover, keep the body fit. Powder: In most Ayurvedic remedies, dried pomegranate peels are prescribed for patients to treat their digestive disorders. Pomegranate is, indeed, one of the useful fruits in the Ayurveda practice. Furthermore, it contributes significantly to both physical and mental health.   Doctor Rekha is a 4th generation Ayurvedic Medicine Doctor (BAMS) living in between Dubai and India who has patients from around the globe who believes that the wisdom of Ayurveda can help everyone lead a happy, heathy and disease-free life. You can join our Health Programs for mind and body detox.  If you are struggling with any health issues, you can either book a consultation with us or send us a message via WhatsApp to +91 79074 89839. We have the best Ayurvedic doctors in Trivandrum who are always glad to help you. If you have any queries, contact us.  You can also visit us at our hospital. You can also follow me on Instagram.