Ayurveda principles Archives

Think of this situation, you probably find it familiar. You come home tired, and instead of hitting the gym or going for a walk, all you want to do is sleep. So, you lie down but when you get up instead of feeling refreshed, you feel even more tired. There might also be days when you feel jittery and restless instead. So, you go for a walk or hit the gym hoping it will help. But rather than feeling energised, you end up feeling even more wired than when you started. You must have noticed that nobody has really taught us this. We just vaguely assume that rest will fix our tiredness, or movement will fix our restlessness, without actually stopping to think about whether they really do. Interestingly, Ayurveda has actually talked about this phenomenon. The Charaka Samhita has a verse that describes this very pattern. सामान्यमेकत्वकरं, विशेषस्तु पृथक्त्वकृत् । तुल्यार्थता हि सामान्यं, विशेषस्तु विपर्ययः ॥ It can be roughly translated to Samanya brings things together, Vishesha pulls them apart. Samanya is sameness of quality; Vishesha is its opposite. This verse introduces us to two words. One is samanya, which means sameness or similarity. The other is vishesha, which means difference or distinction. And the principle the text is pointing towards is that things that are similar to each other tend to increase each other, while things that are opposite to each other tend to reduce each other. It’s almost like fields, where one thing can either reinforce what is already there or counter it. Rest is slow. So, if you are already feeling heavy and slow, more rest isn’t necessarily going to rebalance you. It only reinforces that feeling of heaviness and sluggishness. On the other hand, restlessness is hot and fast. So, if you respond to that feeling with more movement, you might end up feeling even more hot and wired rather than actually calming the restlessness. You’re reinforcing the qualities that are already present. Now that we think about it, it sounds obvious. But we rarely think about our own habits in these terms. This principle can also be applied to the food we consume and our body’s internal balances, what Ayurveda calls the doshas. It’s quite simple. Whatever quality is already present in excess, you don’t add more of it. You reach for its opposite instead. On a cold day, for example, if you’re already feeling stiff, dry and cold you naturally want to add some warmth. Similarly, if you’re feeling sluggish or heavy after a meal, you probably don’t want to eat something even heavier, right? You want something lighter. In fact, the very first chapter of the Charaka Samhita, called Dirghanjivitiya, which is about the desire for long life, talks about exactly which tastes can calm which imbalances. It goes through all six rasas, or tastes, and explains their qualities and what can be used to pacify different states. Take Vata, for example. Vata is dry and is associated with movement. So, it is calmed by substances with opposite qualities. If you’re feeling dry and cold, if you’re in a Vata state, you would reach for sweet, sour and salty tastes because these carry qualities of moisture, warmth and weight. Or if you feel like your Pitta is rising, you’re overheated or you’re feeling short-tempered, bitter and sweet tastes can help cool things down. And this is important: none of the six tastes are universally good or universally bad. It’s not that sweet is unhealthy and bitter is healthy. Each taste has its place whether it is helpful or unhelpful depends entirely on the state it is meeting. There is no fixed list where cold foods are always bad or sweet foods are always bad. It depends entirely on the person, the place, the timing, and the state of the body, not just the substance itself. This is one of the core ideas of Ayurveda. It is individualistic. The same food or medicine can be helpful for one person but not for another. If you must have also noticed, even for the same person, something that suits them one day may not suit them on another day. It depends on what qualities they are already carrying in excess at that particular time. Ayurveda says that even a well-known poison, used with the right knowledge, at the right dose, for the right person, can become the best possible medicine. And a substance that’s technically medicine, used without that understanding, can do as much damage as poison. The substance alone is never the whole story. You have to look at what you’re giving, who you’re giving it to, why you’re giving it, how much you’re giving, and under what circumstances. And this brings us back to samanya and vishesha. Because the real question isn’t simply, “Is this food good?” Ayurveda’s answer is rarely just about the thing itself. It is about the relationship between the thing and the person receiving it. If this way of looking at Ayurveda interests you, you might enjoy our courses on the Charaka Samhita and Ashtanga Hridayam, where we go deeper into the texts and the ideas behind them. Sometimes, going back to the original texts can change the way you understand Ayurveda, and even the way you look at your own life.

People often ask me if Ayurveda is finally catching up with modern science. I understand why they ask this. But the question itself is backwards. Ayurveda was never behind. It has always offered its own framework for understanding health. What has changed is the way we explain those principles today. What we are seeing now, across nutrition science, sleep research, and gut health, is not Ayurveda catching up to modern medicine. It is modern research increasingly exploring ideas that Ayurveda has emphasized for centuries. Ayurveda has spent generations being misunderstood, explained badly, or not explained at all, which left people assuming it was outdated. And that is really the whole problem. Before going into the specifics, we need to understand why this has happened. Modern medicine, especially over the last century, has often focused on identifying specific biological mechanisms and treating individual disease processes. This approach has led to remarkable advances. But it can sometimes overlook the broader interactions between systems that shape overall health. When research focuses on one mechanism at a time, it can sometimes miss the larger patterns connecting multiple systems. Ayurveda approached the body from the opposite direction. Instead of isolating single mechanisms, it observed the whole person, their digestion, their sleep, their energy, their mood, and looked for patterns across all of it. This is why Ayurveda often sounds broad or general when compared to the extensive tests and diagnosis of modern medicine. It was never trying to explain one molecule. It was trying to explain a whole living person. Let’s start with food, for example, because this is where the pattern is easiest to see. Personalized Nutrition Is Not a New Idea Right now, precision nutrition is one of the fastest growing fields in medical research. Scientists have found that two people can eat the exact same meal and have completely different reactions to it. This has led to a shift away from generic diet advice and toward plans built around a person’s genetics, metabolism, and gut bacteria. One of the most important principles of Ayurveda is built on this very idea, and it is called Prakriti. Prakriti describes a person’s unique constitution, the combination of physical and mental characteristics that influences how they respond to food, environment, and disease. And this is not just a philosophical idea. Researchers have also explored possible biological correlates of Prakriti including genes associated with metabolism and immune function. Much of this research is still developing. But it does show that the idea behind Prakriti reflects something real in human biology. Circadian Rhythm and the Ayurvedic Daily Routine Another area getting a lot of attention in medicine today is circadian rhythm, the internal body clock that controls sleep, digestion, hormone release, and energy levels throughout the day. Researchers have found that eating late at night, sleeping at irregular hours, or ignoring the body’s natural rhythm can affect metabolism and long term health. Though this field of study is fairly young in modern medicine, Ayurveda addressed this through Dinacharya, a daily routine built around the sun, the seasons, and the body’s natural rhythm. I think this is one of the easiest ideas for people to test in their own lives. Most people already know, from personal experience, that eating dinner very late at night leaves them feeling heavier and sleeping worse than eating dinner a few hours earlier. You can also notice how waking up at a different time every day affects your energy levels. You feel more tired than waking up at a consistent time, even if the total hours of sleep are the same. Ayurveda took these everyday observations seriously enough to build them into a structured daily practice, long before modern science had language like circadian rhythm or clock genes to describe what was happening. The value here is not that Ayurveda predicted modern chronobiology in exact scientific terms. It did not. But it recognized that timing matters just as much as what you eat or how you move. Gut Health and the Concept of Agni Gut health has become one of the most talked about topics in wellness and medicine today. Scientists are studying how the trillions of bacteria living in our digestive system affect everything from immunity to mood. There is a lot we do not yet understand about how food interacts with the body at this level. Ayurveda approached digestion differently, through the concept of Agni, often translated as digestive fire. Agni refers to the body’s ability to break down food, absorb nutrients, and convert them into energy. When Agni is weak, Ayurveda considers it a root cause of many health problems, not just digestive ones. This idea predates any understanding of gut bacteria or the microbiome. It came from observing how people responded to food, and how digestion connected to their overall health. Where the Real Gap Actually Is None of this means Ayurveda has all the answers or that it should replace modern medicine. It has its own limits. But it needs better understanding. Ayurveda has always encouraged us to observe ourselves. It asks us to pay attention to how we eat, how we sleep, how we respond to the seasons, and how our daily choices shape our health over time. These are not complicated ideas. They are practical ones. Ayurveda does not need to become modern. It needs to be understood.

Ever wonder why the same food can heal you one day and throw your digestion off the next? That is where the ideas of Pathya and Apathya in Ayurveda come in. A food is not automatically good or bad forever. The same food can become healing or harmful depending on many factors. It’s not just about what you eat, but how, when, where, and who you are when you eat it. Charaka Samhita, one of the oldest texts of Ayurveda, gives us the eight rules of eating, Ahara Vidhi, to help us make wiser choices. These principles, though ancient, are still practical and very relevant to modern life. What Does Pathya and Apathya Really Mean? Pathya means something that supports balance, digestion, clarity, and strength. Apathya means something that disturbs digestion, creates toxins, or aggravates imbalance. But Ayurveda never looks at the food being consumed alone. It looks at the whole picture: How much you eat? When you eat? How the food is prepared? Where you live? Your body type and current imbalance. Your habits and adaptability. For example, A cup of warm spiced milk at bedtime may be soothing and comforting. The same milk at 3:00 in the morning can feel heavy, sticky, and disturbing to digestion. Key Factors That Decide Whether Food Becomes Pathya or Apathya Matra: Quantity Even good food becomes harmful when eaten in excess. Heavy foods like cheese, fried food, or sweets should be eaten in smaller amounts. Light foods can be eaten a little more freely. Overeating weakens Agni (digestive fire), creates heaviness, and leads to toxin formation. Undereating can weaken the body and nervous system. Balance is everything. Kala: Time Time means time of day, season, and even life stage. Digestion is strongest around midday, that is why lunch should ideally be your main meal. Late-night heavy meals disturb sleep and digestion. Season also matters. In hot summer, heavy oily food can aggravate heat while in cold dry weather, more nourishing and oily foods may be helpful. Food that suits winter may not suit summer. Ayurveda constantly reminds us to stay in rhythm with nature. Kriya or Samskara: How Food Is Prepared The way you prepare food changes its effect on the body. For example: Raw food is generally heavier to digest. Cooked food becomes lighter and easier for Agni. Dry roasting wheat makes it more digestible than eating it plain or poorly cooked. Rice becomes more wholesome when aged, soaked, washed, and cooked properly. The excess starch is removed, making it lighter and less clogging. Milk combined incorrectly can become harmful. Fish and milk together are considered incompatible. Fruit and milk can also disturb digestion. Even herbs change their qualities based on preparation, these are the five basic dosage forms as per Ayurveda: Svarasa is fresh juice, very potent and heavy. Kalka is paste, useful externally or for specific effects. Kadha is a reduced decoction and becomes light and penetrating. Phanta is like herbal tea made with hot water. Hima is a cold infusion, often used to cool Pitta. Coriander soaked overnight and drunk the next day is a classic example for acidity and heat. Even the container can change the effect. Triphala paste kept in an iron vessel becomes beneficial for eye health due to the interaction with iron. So, food is not just what you eat, it is also how it is transformed. Desha or Bhumi: Place and Environment Where you live strongly influences what your body needs. Dry, windy, high-altitude places increase dryness and nervous system activity. People living there often need more oils, warmth, and grounding foods. Wet, cold places increase heaviness and congestion. Desserts and heavy dairy consumption may worsen imbalance there. Local food also matters. Vegetables, grains, and even animals carry the qualities of the land. Climate influences your Doshas whether you realize it or not. Travel can disturb the nervous system, movement increases Vata and restlessness. Many people notice mood shifts or digestive upset after flights. Dosha and Current Imbalance Your Prakriti (constitution) and Vikriti (current imbalance) influence what suits you. When Doshas are aggravated, even small mistakes can trigger symptoms. Food choices become more sensitive during illness or stress. Vega Avastha: Stage of Disease or Imbalance When imbalance is severe, even small triggers can create flare-ups. At those times, discipline around food becomes especially important. Satmya: Adaptability and Habituation This is a powerful and subtle concept. The body adapts to what it is repeatedly exposed to. Some people tolerate spicy food well because of cultural habits and ancestry. Others feel burned by the same food. There is Sharira Satmya, adaptability to healthy things. There is Oka Satmya, adaptability to unhealthy things. The body can adapt even to abuse, someone may tolerate junk food without immediate symptoms, but deeper imbalance may slowly build. Interestingly, a person who reacts quickly to wrong food may actually be healthier than someone who feels nothing. Ayurveda recommends slow, gentle changes rather than extreme detox or cold-turkey approaches. Sudden drastic change can disturb the nervous system and create instability. In the end, Pathya and Apathya help us to build a more conscious and compassionate relationship with our bodies. Instead of chasing trends, superfoods, or rigid dietary rules, we learn to observe, feel, and respond. The body is always giving feedback through digestion, energy, sleep, emotions, and clarity of mind. When we honour that feedback, food becomes a tool for stability rather than struggle. Even simple shifts such as eating at regular times, choosing freshly prepared meals, avoiding incompatible combinations, and adjusting to seasons can quietly transform health over time. There is no need for perfection, Ayurveda values consistency, patience and gradual refinement. The body adapts slowly and forcing change often creates more imbalance than healing. When… Continue reading Pathya and Apathya in Ayurveda: The 8 Rules of Eating from Charaka Samhita

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Tag: Ayurveda principles

Samanya and Vishesha: The Ayurvedic Principle of Balance

Ayurveda Does Not Need Modernization. It Needs to Be Understood.

Pathya and Apathya in Ayurveda: The 8 Rules of Eating from Charaka Samhita